Chinhu chinogadziriswa uye chinogadziriswa chekudya chinogara mumhepo pamusoro pedu, pasi pasi pedu uye miti yose nemasango zviripo: zvipembenene. Ichokwadi, kudya zvipembenene zvingaratidzika kunge zvakakosha uye zvinotyisa. Kunyange zvakadaro, kuvhara , kana tsika yekugadzira zvipembenene nevanhu, ine nhoroondo yakareba. Uyezve, vashoma kudarika 0.2 muzana yezvipembenene zvinokuvadza munhu, mhuka kana mbeu.
Nhoroondo Pfupi yeInomophagy
Insectivory-rimwe zita rokuti entomophagy-rinoratidzwa mune zvinyorwa zvekare. Nokuongorora michina ye microwear, masayendisiti akawana kuti vanhu vepakutanga, avo vakararama makore anopfuura mamiriyoni adarika mune izvo zvino iri South Africa, vakashandisa mapfupa emapfupa ekuchera mazwi echirevo kubva pamamundi.
Mafungiro akasiyana-siyana ave akatenderera anotsanangura kukosha kwekudzivirira kwepakutanga kusanganisira zvinotevera:
- Entomophagy yakanga isina ngozi kune kuvhima kana kupisa
- Yakaita zvipo zvakakura pakudikanwa kwezvokudya
- Yaiva nguva yemwaka uye yakabatsira kubhadhara michina yakakosha isina kuwanikwa muzvokudya zvekudya
- Yaiida teknolojia yepamusoro semhando kana mudziyo unofanirwa kuongorora uye kubvisa
- Iyo yakapa zvikafu zvezvokudya zvinogona kutakurwa uye kuchinjana
- Yakakurudzira kupatsanurwa kwebasa pakati pevakomana, pamwe nevakadzi vane mhosva yekuunganidza zvipembenene.
Nekuremekedza munhu wemazuva ano, kunyorwa kwekodzero kwakave kwakanyorwa pakati pemadzinza mazana matatu munyika 113 pasi pose.
Muitiro wekudzivirira unowanikwa kune dzimwe tsika dzeAsia neAfrica pamwe neCentral neSouth America. Mune dzimwe nzvimbo idzi, kusvika 10 kubva muzana yezvokudya zvevanhu zvinogona kuwanikwa kubva kune zvitsva.
Muna 1885, kusavhiringidzika kwakakurumbira kubudiswa kune vateereri vekuMadokero nekudhindwa kwebhuku raiti Nei Usingadi Zvidumbu?
nedzimwe nyanzvi yeChirungu Vincent M. Holt. Munguva pfupi yapfuura, kubva muna 1988 kusvika muna 2000, Gene DeFoliart, nyanzvi yezvinozivikanwa, uye purofesa paYunivhesiti yeWisconsin-Madison, yakabudisa nguva yakagamuchirwa yakanyorwa zita rinonzi The Food Insects Newsletter .
Uyezve, Zvokudya neyekurima zveUnited Nations zvakange zvichitora misangano mukutsigira kwekugadzirisa zviratidzo semhinduro kune nzara yenyika uye yakabudisa bhuku rakanzi Zvidyo Zvidyidhe: Zvimwe Zvamangwana Zvokudya uye Zvokuchengetedza Zvokudya , izvo zvakashandurirwa mumitauro yakawanda uye zvakadzingwa anopfuura mamiriyoni manomwe nguva.
Maererano nevanyori vebhuku iri:
"Zvipembenene zvinodyiwa zvakagara zviri chikamu chekudya kwevanhu , asi kune dzimwe nzvimbo kune dhigirii yezvokudya. Kunyange zvazvo huwandu hwezvipembenene zvinodyiwa huri kuunganidzwa kubva munzvimbo dzemahlathi, zvitsva mukugadzira-kuunganidza mashoma zvakatanga munyika dzakawanda. Nyuchi dzinopa mukana unokosha wokubatanidza ruzivo rwetsika uye sayenzi yemazuva ano munyika mbiri dzakagadzirwa uye dziri kusimukira. "
Kunyange zvazvo zvipembenene kana zvipembenene-zvakagadzirirwa zvakagadzirwa zvisati zvigadzirisa mapeji ehuwandu hwezvokudya zvekudya muWest, kune kuwedzerwa kufarira mukusachengetedza.
Semuenzaniso, muUnited States, maikiriti-based products, zvakadai sewaini-based based flour, cookies nemaprotheni mabhandi, ari mukugadzirwa. MuEurope, kuwanikwa kwezvipembenene uye zvokudya zvakagadzirwa nezvipembenene zvakanyanya kupararira. Semuenzaniso, mhashu, mhuka dzekudya, uye maketeti zvinowanika kune dzimwe misika. MuNetherlands, zvivigiro zvinopfuura 500 zvinotengesa burgers uye zvipfeko zvine upfu hwehupfu.
Ndezvipi Zvipembenene Zvinodyiwa?
Kunongova chiduku chiduku zvikuru chekufungidzirwa kwemamiriyoni makumi matatu emhuka dzakadyiwa zvinodyiwa. Kunyanya, zvinenge zviuru zviviri zvezvipembenene izvi zvinodyiwa. Zvizhinji zvezvipembenene zvinowira mumirairo mihlanu:
- Coleoptera (kureva, nyuchi)
- Hymenoptera (kureva, mavhinga, nyuchi, uye nyerere)
- Isoptera (kureva, termites)
- Lepidoptera (kureva, moths uye butterflies)
- Orthoptera (kureva, mhashu nemaketeti)
Maererano neSangano Romubatanidzwa Wenyika Dzepasi Pose, pano inofungidzirwa yezvinyorwa zvinokonzerwa nezvipembenene:
- 31 muzana yezvipembenene zvinopedzwa nevanhu ndezvinyuchi
- 18 muzana ndiwo makungu
- 14 kubva muzana mapepa, nyuchi, uye nyerere
- 13 muzana ndiwo maketeti, mhashu, nemhashu
- 10 muzana ndiyo cicadas uye pentatomid (stink) bugs.
- 3 muzana ndiwo mahedheni
- 3 muzana zvikaraflies
- 2 muzana mapute
- 5 muzana mamwe mhando
Inonakirei Ndezvipembenene Here?
Kwakawanda, zvipembenene zvine utano hwakaisvonaka. Ichokwadi kukosha kwezvokudya kune chero munhu wega chinokonzerwa nemhando dzakasiyana-siyana, kusanganisira mhuka, gadziriro, mamiriro okunze (mafungiro nemamiriro ekunze anotonhora), nhanho yekusimudzira uye nzira inoshandiswa kuongorora mapuroteni anogadzirisa.
Heano mamwe maonero akazara pamusoro peshoko rekudya kwezvipembenene:
- Puroteni ndiyo yakakura pane imwe yega yezvokudya zvinowanikwa mune zvipembenene
- Maererano nehuwandu hwemare, mapuroteni anoverengeka ezvipembenene zvinokwana 7 muzana uye 91 muzana. Mhando dzakawanda dzakapoteredza 60% mapuroteni
- Haasi mapuroteni ose muzvipembenene ari digestible. Zvimwe mapuroteni anowanikwa muchitin, iyo ndiyo inoshandiswa pane imwe nzvimbo yezvipembenene zvezvipembenene
- Puroteni yezvinyorwa zvezvipembenene zvakawanda zvinofananidzwa neyenyama
- Mafuta emapurotini anowanikwa kubva mu13 muzana mumhashu, maketeti, uye mhashu kusvika ku 33 muzana yezvinyuchi uye magubhu
- Larvae ane mafuta akakwirira
- Zvipembenene zvakawanda zvine mazana akawanda emafuta asina tsvina akafanana nehoku nehove; zvisinei, zvipembenene zvakakwirira mumafuta e-polyunsaturated kupfuura shiri kana hove
- Nemhaka yokuti zvipembenene hazvina zvikwangwani zvinonzi calcified sezvokudya zvegungwa, zvine kaccium . Zvimwe zvipembenene zvakadai semichindwe yemichindwe, macricket nemakungu zvinowedzera mune iron uye zinc
Ndezvipi Zvipembenene Zvinodya?
Nzira yakajeka yekuti zvipembenene zvinopedzwa zviri mumhando yavo yese. Zvisinei, zvipembenene zvinogona kuita nzira yavo mumitumbi yedu mune dzimwe nzira, zvakare. Semuenzaniso, muMexico, mabhute anogadzirwa ne yellow yellowworworm powder, ine 58% mapuroteni uye ane pfuma yakakosha yemamino acid se tyrosine, tryptophan, uye phenylalanine. Pamusoro pezvinyorwa zvakadai, zvipembenene zvinogona kugadziriswa kuva zvipfuwo zvekudya uye nokudaro zvinotangiswa mune zvatinodya zvakanyanya.
Ndezvipembenene Zvakachengeteka Kudya Here?
Vanhu vave vachidya zvipembenene zvevana pasina kurwara, saka muhupenyu hwavo husina kunaka uye hwechisikigo, zvipembenene zvinodyiwa zvinogona kunge zvakachengeteka. Zvisinei, kune zvimwe zvinetso pamusoro pekuchengetedzwa kwezvipembenene zvinoshandiswa zvinoda kutsvakurudza kwakawanda.
Kutanga, muzera rehutachiona hunouraya, mishonga inorwisa mabhakitiriya nematare ane simba, zvakasiyana-siyana zvemakemikari zvakasvibisa zvinogona kuita kuti zvipembenene zvipinde.
Chechipiri, zvimwe zvipembenene zvinogona kutora mabhakitiriya anoita kuti vanhu varware. Semuenzaniso, kana ichikohwa kubva pasi, zvipembenene zvinogona kutora E. coli kana mabhakitiriya anoita spore anokonzera zvirwere seTetanus, botulism, uye anthrax. Ndapota cherechedza kuti pfungwa iyi yechipiri inofungidzirwa zvakakwana kune ani zvake anofarira kukohwa zvipembenene kubva munzvimbo dzakapoteredza, asi ane ruzivo rwakawanda kana ruzivo, kuti arege kuita izvi uye panzvimbo pacho kutenga zvigadzirwa zvezvipembenene kubva kune vanozvidzivirira, vakachengeteka uye vanochengetedza vatsvene. (Kana uchida kuedza, Amazon inotengesa nyuchi, maketeti, uye mhashu.)
Chechitatu, inoramba ichitsvakurudzwa kana kushandiswa kwezvipembenene zvichiguma nekuumbwa kwezvinhu zvinosvibisa kana kuti zvipembenene zvinoparara mushure mokukohwa.
Yechina, kunyange zvazvo ichifungidzirwa, inoramba ichingoonekwa kana vanhu vane zvipembenene kune guruva uye zvikwereti zvingaratidza kudarika-reactivity kune zvipembenene zvine marudzi. Mune mamwe mazwi, kana uri weergergic kune guruva mite kana shellfish, unogona kurega kudya mishonga.
Nei Vanhu Vachifanira Kudya Zvidumbu?
Pane zvikonzero zvakawanda zvinokonzera zvinokonzera chinokonzera kuvhiringidzika kwevanhu pakati pevanhu.
Zviri nyore kuwana zvokudya zvinobva . Kuda kweprotheni yakabva kune mhuka kunotarisirwa kukwira ne 76 muzana mugore ra2050. Kuwedzera kwekutsvaga kuchave kusinganzwisisiki pakati pevagari venyika dzichiri kusimukira; vanhu vanogona kubatsirwa nekudyiwa kwezvipembenene. Mushure mezvose, zvakaoma zvikuru kukohwa kricket kupfuura kurera mombe.
Kupisa kwepasi pose . Parizvino, zvipfuwo zvinokonzera 14 muzana yemagetsi ekupisa emhepo, izvo zvinoita kuti kupisa kwepasi pose kuvepo. Kukohwa kana zvipembenene zvekurima zvinoda chidimbu chakanyanya kuderera pane zvakatipoteredza.
Mune chinyorwa cha2016 chakanzi Zvidye Zvipembenene Ndezveramangwana? , Arnold van Huis anonyora kuti:
"Zvipembenene inzira inofadza [kudya] inofunga nezvekuderera kwemafuse emagetsi, nzvimbo duku idzo inoda kubudisa mapurotini 1 kg, kushandiswa kwezvokudya zvakakwana, uye kukwanisa kwavo kuchinja maruva emvura kune zvakakosha zveprotini michina."
Mikana mikana. Munyika dzichiri kusimukira, kukohwa kwezvipembenene kunogona kuvandudza mararamiro evaya vanobatanidzwa nevhizimisi-kunyanya vakadzi vanobva kumaruwa. Kuisa dambudziko rezvemari iro rakawedzera kukohwa kwezvipembenene zvingaita kuti vanhu varombo varambe vachifunga, tarisa kuti mupane caterpillar, inowanikwa muSouth Africa, inounza madhora mazana masere negumi pagore. Uyezve, mune dzimwe nzvimbo dzeCameroon neCongo Basin, kushambadzira kwezvipembenene kunogona kuverenga 20 muzana yezvinhu zvose zvemari.
VaAmerica Vaizodya Zvidumbu Here?
Vanhu vakawanda vakanaka kwazvo nemashiripiti uye vanowanzovabatanidza nemarara mune dumpster kana kuparara mumugwagwa kunouraya pane kuva nechingwa chinonaka. Kubva pane maonero epfungwa, tinowana chirevo ichi pakati pemakore maviri nemashanu, uye ine zvakawanda zvokuita nemafungiro ekudya zvipembenene kudarika zvinonzwisisika zvezvokudya izvi.
Pasinei nekusavhiringidza kwakaitwa nevanhu vazhinji kune pfungwa yezvipembenene sezvokudya, kutsvakurudza kunoratidza kuti nhamba yakashamisika yevanhu veAmerica yaizofunga nezvokudya mhando yezvipembenene. Kunyanya, pakati peAmerica avo vasingawanzopedza zvipembenene nguva dzose, 72 muzana vakati vanozofunga kuedza zvipembenene kana zvigadzirwa zvezvipembenene.
Imwe tsvakurudzo inoratidza kuti varume vanowanzopfuura vakadzi kuti varatidze kufarira kudya zvipembenene sechinhu chinotsiva nyama. Uyezve, ruzivo uye ruzivo rwezvipembenene sezvokudya zvinoitawo kuti munhu ade kuedza zvipembenene.
Kuparadzanisa Pfungwa
Zvinokurudzira kuti kunyanya kunetseka kuri kuwana mukurumbira munyika yeWestern. Hupukanana hwakakosha zvikuru uye kukohwa kwezvipembenene zvinoreruka nyore nyore pane kukura mombe nemamwe mombe.
Inomophagy ingangodaro inobatsira zvikuru nyika dziri kusimukira umo vanhu vasingaverengeki vasina zvokudya zvakakwana zvekudya. Zvinosuruvarisa, nekuda kwekugara mumaguta, kukanganisa kupesana kwekuchengetedzwa kwemaitiro kunowanzoonekwa mune dzimwe nyika dzichiri kusimukira. Vanhu vakawanda vanogara mumaguta avo vanogara munyika idzi vauya kuzotarisa kushandiswa kwezvipembenene sepakutanga. Zvimwewo, zvipembenene zvinonyadziswa sezvokudya zvinodyiwa nevanhu vane nzara uye vasina zvimwe zvekudya zvekudya. Izvi zvinogona kukanganisa kuda kwevanhu vakawanda vanogara munyika dzichiri kusimukira kuti vashandise mune zvinyorwa zvakawanda.
> Sources:
> McGrew WC. Izvo 'Zvimwe Zvipfeko' Zvakadzokidzwazve: Insectivory muvanhu uye Vasingasviki vevanhu pamwe neEvolution of Human Diet. Zvinyorwa zveMunhu Evolution . 71: 4-11.
> van Huis A. Zvokudya Zvipembenene Ndezveramangwana. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society. 2016; 75: 294-305.
> Van Huis A et al. Zvidyidye zvinodyiwa: Mikana Yenguva Yemberi Yezvokudya Nekuchengetedza Zvokudya . Rome: FAO; 2013.
> Yen AL. Entomophagy uye Insect Kuchengetedza: Zvimwe Mifungiro Yekugadzira. Nyaya yeInsect Conservation. 2009; 13: 667-670.