Ikozvino zvisiri pamutemo kupa mhuka mishonga inorwisa mabhakitiriya
Muma1950, varimi vakaita shanduko yekuchinja-mhuka: Mhuka dzakanaka dzakapiwa mishonga inorwisa mabhakitiriya yakawanda. Kunyange zvazvo huwandu hwehuwandu hwakawanikwa-inenge nhatu kubva muzana-inogona kuonekwa seisingabvumirwi, mune imwe shwandisi yakawanda iyo yose inenge yakawanda, kunyange huwandu hunorema hwemamiriyoni mapaundi nemombe inogona kureva makumi emamiriyoni emadhora.
Muna 1995, FDA yakabvumira kuwedzerwa kwemishonga inorwisa mabhakitiriya kumhuka yekufudza nemvura.
Kubva panguva iyoyo, takaona kuwedzera kunoshamisa kwekupararira kwemabhakitiriya asingagoni kushandiswa nemishonga (antibiotic resistance). Semuenzaniso, 20 muzana yenyika yose nyama ine salmonella inodhaka kusagadzikana. Vanhu vazhinji vakatsanangura ichi chichiwedzera kukura kwehuwandu sechirevo chekujekesa kubvisa tsika yekupa zvipfuwo zvine utano mishonga inorwisa mabhakitiriya. Musi waJanuary 3, 2017, yakazoguma isina mvumo yekupa mishonga inorwisa mishonga kuti zvive chinangwa chekuwana uremu.
Nei Chipfuwo Chichipiwa Mishonga Inouraya
Kunyange zvazvo nhamba chaiyo yakaoma kuenzana, inofungidzirwa kuti pakati pe15 kusvika 17 mamiriyoni mapaundi emishonga inorwisa mabhakitiriya inopiwa kuzvipfuwo gore negore. Imwe inofungidzira mapegi nhamba ye18 muzana yemakirogiramu makumi maviri nemaviri nemaviri emishonga inorwisa mabhakitiriya inogadzirwa muUnited States gore rose.
Mhuka dzinopiwa mishonga inorwisa mabhakitiriya nokuda kwezvikonzero zvina:
- Mishonga inoshandiswa: kurapa mhuka dzinorwara
- Metaphylaxis: Apo imwe mhuka mumombe kana boka inorwara uye mhuka dzose dzinopiwa chirwere chemishonga kwenguva pfupi kuti isapararira kupararira kwezvirwere
- Prophylaxis: kudzivirira zvirwere kuti zvirege kuitika mumombe
- Kushandiswa kwemashure kunoshandiswa : apo maantibayoti anoshandiswa kuwedzera kuwedzera kana kuvandudzwa kwehupenyu hwezvipfuwo
Dzimwe nguva varimi vanoda kupa mhuka dzavo mishonga inorwisa mabhakitiriya ekurapa kana kana hutachiona hwehutachiona hunopisa mombe uye purazi. Kutungamirirwa kwakadaro ndekwenguva pfupi uye kwakagadzirirwa kurwisana nehutachiona hwakatotanga kana kupararira.
Zvisinei, nguva dzose prophylactic kana subtherapeutic kushandiswa kwemishonga inorwisa mabhakitiriya pakati pemombe inokakavara.
Ngozi dzeAntibiotic Administration muMombe
Nekushandisa kwenguva refu kwemishonga inorwisa mabhakitiriya mumhuka, taona kubuda kwemazana emishonga inorwisa mabhakitiriya munyika yose. Somuenzaniso, kunyange zvazvo zvisiri nyore, kurwisa fluoroquinolone kwakava kwakawanda zvikuru mushure mekunge FDA inobvumira varimi kuisa fluoroquinolones kufanana neBaytril mukudya kwemhuka nemvura. (Ikozvino, mutemo wezvematongerwo enyika unorambidza kushandiswa kweshandiswa kweBaytril. Nemamwe mazwi, ichi chinodhaka chinogona kushandiswa chete kurapa hutachiwana mumhuka.)
Vanotsvakurudza vanodavira kuti maantibhakitiriya anopiwa kuzvipfuwo zviri pasi kana kuti zvinyorwa zvepinerapeutic anouraya zvimwe zvipembenene zvebhakitiriya. Nokuuraya chimiro ichi chakanaka, mhuka dzinogona kudya zvokudya zvadzo zviri nani, zvishoma zvokudya zvinoda kuidya, uye zvishoma zvishoma zvinogadzirwa. Zvisinei, mamwe maitiro emishonga asingadziviriri mabhakitiriya anorasikirwa anokwanisa kupona mishonga inorwisa mabhakitiriya uye anoita kuti apinde mune zvokudya. Apo vanhu vanodya zvokudya zvisina kukodzera zvakagadzirwa, bhakitiriya inokonzera vanhu. Uyezve, zvimwe zvidzidzo zvinoratidza kuti vashandi vemhuka idzi vanogona kutapukirwa nemabhakitiriya aya asingagoni kushandiswa nemishonga nekungobata mhuka.
Mishonga inorwisa mabhakitiriya inetso huru yehutano hwevanhu. Maererano ne Landers uye vanyori vanyori, pane "kuwedzera kukura kuziva kuti mishonga inoshandiswa mishonga yemhuka mumhuka yekudya ndiyo inobatsira pakupa zvirwere zvevanhu nemishonga inorwisa mabhakitiriya."
Kunyange zvazvo subtherapeutic antibiotic maitirwo emombe zvichida inobatsira kuwedzera kuwandisa mune zvinodhaka zvisingawirirani nemishonga ye salmonella, E. coli, nezvimwe zvakadaro muvanhu, uchapupu chaihwo hwokuti kuwedzera kwezvipembenene izvi zvinokonzera zvirwere hakusi. Uyezve, kuwedzerwa kwehuwandu hwemishonga inopesana nemishonga hakusi kungofanirwa chete nemhuka dzinoshandiswa nemishonga inorwisa mabhakitiriya chete.
Kurwisa kwemishonga inorwisa mabhakitiriya uye kunyanya kuderedza zvinokonzerawo dambudziko. Pamwe pamwe nekunyeverwa kwekuwedzera kwekutengesa kunokonzerwa nekuregererwa kwemaitiro ekurapa maantibhakitiriya, vatori vezvenyama vanotaurawo zvimwe zvikonzero mukutaura kwavo kuti varambe vachiita.
Ndeipi FDA Inoita Nezvekushandisa Mishonga Inorwisa Mishonga Mumombe?
Lobbies masimba ane simba. Ichokwadi ichi chakabatanidzwa nechokuti vazhinji vehurongwa hwehupfumi hunobva pane unyanzvi maonero uye kubvumirana kwakaita kuti mugwagwa uchinje hurefu. Zvisinei, mugore ra2013, FDA yakarongedza Mutungamiri Wekambani # 213, kana GFI # 213, chirongwa chokuzvidira kuitira kushandiswa kwakanaka kwemishonga inorwisa mabhakitiriya mumombe. Muna December 2016, FDA yakavandudza hutungamiri. Uyewo muna 2016, vanogadzira mhuka yemishonga inorwisa mabhakitiriya vakabvumirana kuchinja kana kubvisa mabhii anokurudzira kushandiswa kwemishonga inorwisa mishonga yevanhu kuti iwane mafuta. Nemhaka yeiyo, kurega-kushandisa mabhiiyo emishonga yezvipfuwo ikozvino haisi pamutemo.
Kutarisa kumashure, GFI # 213 yakakurudzira vaiti vezvirwere zvekare kuti vashandise mishonga inorwisa mabhakitiriya kubva kune-in-counter kumanyorera uye vaida kuti chiremba wezvokurapa ape mishonga iyi.Tariro ndeyokuti kuburikidza nekuita maantibiotics asingakwanisi kuwana nekusungwa zvakasimba, varimi vaizoshandisa izvi zvinodhaka chete nokuda kwezvirwere nekudzivirira zvirwere.
Nekufamba kwenguva, Elanco naZoetis, vaviri vevanyori vakakurumbira vemishonga inorwisa mabhakitiriya, vakabvumirana kutevedzera Mutungamiri # 213. Uyezve, Tyson, Purdue uye Foster Farms vose vakabvumirana kuti vadzivise tsika yavo yekugadzirisa subtherapeutic antibiotics kuzvipfuwo. Munguva iyi, McDonald's, Popeye naWendy's vakanga vasingadi kutenga nyama kubva kuvarimi vakashandisa maantibiotics nekuda kwekushandiswa kwemasimba. Pakupedzisira, vashandi vezvigadzirwa zvemhuka mishonga inorwisa mabhakitiriya vakabvumirana kubvisa ruzivo kubva kumavarai anokurudzira kushandiswa kwemishonga inorwisa mabhakitiriya kuwedzera kuwanda mumombe. Pakupedzisira, kufanana neCanada, dzimwe nyika dzeEurope, uye South Korea, tsika iyi ikozvino haisi pamutemo muUnited States.
Pasi Pasi
Kuwedzerwa kwemishonga inorwisa mabhakitiriya-kunyanya mudura rekupedzisira-maitiro anonzi anti-fluoroquinolones-rimwe zuva rinoreva kuti madhiragi aya haachazoshandi. Hatichazochengetedzwa nemishonga yedu! Nezvipfuwo zvinotora mishonga inorwisa mabhakitiriya yatinoita, kutya kwemishonga inorwisa mabhakitiriya inonyanya kukosha. Mhuka dzakadai sehogi dzinoshanda seyakakwana dzisina kubatanidzwa pakusarudzwa uye kugadziriswa kwemakemikari asingadziviriri mabhakitiriya. Zvechokwadi, apo mabhakitiriya aya anozorora muzvipfuwo, zvitsuwa zvemajini zvinonzi (integral) zvinowanzochinjana izvo zvinopikira mhando-(kwete yega) kusagadzikana kwezvinodhaka. Icho chinhu chakanaka chaizvo kuti tsika yekupa mishonga mishonga inorwisa maitiro inorema ikozvino yakarambidzwa muUnited States.
Sources:
Kuehn BM. FDA Inofambisa Kurwisa Mishonga Inoshandiswa Mishonga Inoshandiswa Mumombe. JAMA. 2014.
Landers, TF, et al. Kuongorora kweAntibiotiki Kushandiswa Mukudya Mhuka: Mafungiro, Purogiramu, uye Zvimwe. Public Health Reports. 2012; 127: 4-22.
Mathew AG. Antibiotic Kurwisana muBhakitiriya Inosanganiswa Nekudya Mhuka: United States Inofunga nezvekugadzirwa kwezvipfuwo. Zvokudya Zvoutachiona Nezvirwere . 2007.
> Kuvandudzwa kweKushandiswa kweKutungamirirwa kwaDhava yeNyika # 213. December 23, 2016. www.fda.gov.